SMARTPHONE CAMERA WORKING PROCESS

How does your smartphone camera work?

STEP 1:-The light from the scene enter your smartphone camera module.
STEP 2:-How big the cone of light entering your camera is, will be defined by the aperture of the optical lens used. In smartphones, these lenses are made of plastic. When a manufacturer lists 5P lens, the P stands for plastic. More than one lens element are combined to offset dispersion.
STEP 3:-The light then reaches the Sensor assembly, which includes an IR filter, VCM motor for focusing, may be a gyro sensor (for OIS) and the CMOS sensor itself.
STEP 4:-Pixels on the camera sensor gather light that falls on them and then pass on the information to the ISP.
STEP 5:-ISP or Image Signal Processor makes sense of the data, interacts with the software and pushes the final image. For video recording, a video encoder is also present in the chain.

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What is shutter speed?

What is shutter speed?

The shutter speed refers to the length of time the opening in the lens remains open to let light into the camera and onto the sensor. The shutter speed can be as fast as 1/10,000 of a second or as slow as several minutes.

How does your choice of shutter speed affect the photograph?

Fast shutter speeds have the effect of freezing motion in the scene you are photographing. Conversely, slow shutter speeds will blur motion in a scene. Both of these can be used to great creative effect.

It is the amount of time the film or digital sensor is exposed to the light. It can be a lot of light or a little and this depend on whether its a high or low shutter speed. 

High Speeds - they create photos that almost look frozen in time, every single detail captured. 

Low Speeds - they capture the motion in photos for example light trails or water 

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What is aperture?

What is aperture?

The aperture refers to the size of the opening in the lens through which the light enters the camera. The size of this opening can be adjusted and the aperture size is measured in f-stops. The image on the right shows you exactly what the aperture on a lens looks like.

When you change the f-stop value, you change the size of the opening. Here’s the weird thing though. The higher the f-stop, the smaller the opening.

The aperture is built inside each lens and it controls the light entering a camera.  It’s a lot like the shades on a window control the light. Charles Bryant created a great video clip that will teach you the basic principles of aperture.

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What is exposure?

What is exposure?

First of all we need to define what we mean by exposure. Exposure refers to the amount of light that enters the camera and hits the digital sensor. Basically, it is a measure of how dark or bright a photograph is.
If the image is too bright, it is overexposed. Too much light has been allowed to hit the sensor. If it is too dark, it is underexposed. Not enough light has been allowed to hit the sensor. We can control how much light reaches the sensor by changing the aperture, shutter speed and ISO settings.
Exposure is measured in ‘stops’. For example, if you find that your photo has turned out too dark (underexposed), you may increase your exposure by a ‘stop’ or two to make it brighter. Conversely, if the image is overexposed, you may need to decrease the exposure by a stop or two. There is no such thing as the ‘perfect’ exposure, only the right exposure for the photograph you are creating. Some photos such as night shots are supposed to be dark while photos taken in the snow for example are supposed to be bright.

Examples of normal exposed , underexposed and overexposed photographs

Underexposed photograph: There are lots of clipped shadows on the picture.

Overexposed photograph:There are a lot of clipped highlights is this photo.

Correctly exposed photograph:You can see on the picture that there is a good spread of shadows, mid-tones and highlights. 

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Nokia 6

• APPERANCE
  

Nokia 6 became the talk of the town and aroused considerable amount of interest since its global launch in January this year. The smartphone has garnered lot of appreciation for its design and we second that opinion. Nokia 6 is a sleek yet solid smartphone which flaunts a metal unibody. The device comes with round edges with antenna lines running across the top and bottom end of the phone. The smartphone has a slightly curved rear panel with matte finish which offers a firm grip to the user. The company has also added metal highlights to the device which further enhance the look and feel of the smartphone.

The right side of the device houses the volume rockers and power button, while the left houses a SIM card slot. The top band has the 3.5mm audio jack and the bottom has the micro USB charging port and speakers. The rear of the device features a 16MP camera with LED flash placed in vertical position along with the Nokia logo in the centre. The front panel comes with a 5.5-inch full HD 2.5D curved glass display. The right corner of the display has an 8MP front facing camera placed next to the Nokia branding. The bottom has soft keys along with the pill shaped home button which also doubles up as a fingerprint sensor. Considering its price segment, Nokia 6 scores pretty well in the design segment.

• HARDWARE AND CAMERA

Nokia 6 is powered by Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 processor paired with 3GB of RAM and 32GB internal storage. Users can further expand storage up to 256GB by adding a microSD card. The smartphone is pretty good when it comes to doing daily tasks such as checking emails, browsing the internet and scanning through social media. However, if you are looking for something extra this device is not for you. We tried playing some heavy games like Modern Combat 5, Total War Battles: Kingdom and noticed lag in the performance. The device works well with light games but if you're a gamer, then the device will not make the cut. Other than gaming, multi-tasking was also not smooth and we witnessed lags while launching the camera and image processing.
Nokia 6 runs Android 7.1.1 Nougat out-of-the -box. Just like Motorola smartphones, the Nokia 6 also offers stock Android experience. If you want a clean user interface without any bloatware then can consider Nokia 6. The company has already announced that the smartphone will get Android O update along with all the security patches. The software experience is pretty smooth and it has all the features of Nougat 7.1 such as split screen view among others.

• FOR PHOTOGRAPHY

Nokia 6 comes with a 16MP rear camera with f/2.0 aperture and LED flash. There is also an 8MP front snapper with f/2.0 for clicking selfies. Users can open the camera from the main screen and can also launch it by double tapping on the power button. The camera app is pretty clean and all modes are available on the main screen. The app also has a hidden menu which offers more controls to the users. Images captured using Nokia 6 came out quite well. While taking photos you will notice a yellow tint but that it absent in the images. Outdoor photography was good, with ample detailing and vibrant colour reproduction. However, images captured indoor turned out to be grainy and didn't impress us. The selfie camera was also fine and same as any other smartphone in this price segment.

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Reliance Jio Phone Feature

Reliance Jio Phone is a feature phone launched by the company's chairman Mukesh Ambani at Reliance Industries' 40th annual general meeting. 

 Termed 'India ka intelligent smartphone' by Ambani, the phone supports VoLTE. It comes with a slew of apps like JioCinema, JioTV, JioMusic, JioChat etc pre-installed. The phone is 'effectivelt' priced at Rs 0, as users can take it by paying a refundable deposit of Rs 1500 (the same will be refunded after minimum 3 years).

 The device supports voice commands for a range of functions like making calls, messaging and opening apps. Jio Phone supports 24 Indian languages. 

There's also SoS feature, that Reliance said users can trigger by long pressing on '5' key on the numeric keyboard. 

The phone supports UPI payments and will get NFC support in the coming months via a software update. 

As for features, the phone comes with a 2.4-inch QVGA screen. 

The dual-SIM phone has microSD card for extra storage space and supports 4-way navigation.

It comes with dedicated torchlight, microphone and speaker, headphone jack and headphone jack.

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NUBIA M2 PLAY DEATILS

Nubia has been attempting to establish a name for itself in the crowded Indian smartphone market. As a brand, it has been working towards delivering camera-oriented phones in the budget category.

 Nubia's strategy has been to offer great camera and good performance at a fairly affordable price to take on the likes of Xiaomi, Motorola and Gionee to name a few.

Apperance

The M2 Play sports a 5.5-inch display with 2.5D glass on top, an integrated metal body that slightly curves around the edges at the back. Following the trend of the M2 series, the M2 Play also has a smooth texture that feels good in the hand and offers a nice and firm grip. The volume rockers are placed on the left side while the power button and the SIM card slot rests on the right side. The top rim only houses the 3.5mm headphone jack while the bottom is host to the speaker grilles and microUSB port for charging. The front is home to the fingerprint sensor at the bottom which also doubles as the home button; it doesn't really click but has a haptick feedback when you press on it.

Hardawre Specifiation

Nubia M2 Play runs on Android 7.0 Nougat out of the box with the company's UI 5.0 layered on top. It is powered by 1.4GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 435 Octa-core processor with 3GB RAM and 32GB of internal storage that can be expanded up to 128GB via a microSD card.
We tried our hand at playing games like Asphalt Airborne 8 and the Immortals. The images and visuals were crisp but we did encounter a lag while playing The Immortals. However, there was no such issue while playing Asphalt Airborne 8.

Battery and other specification

The device handles all the multi-tasking like it's supposed to -- without any glitch -- and since it's backed by a 3,000mAh battery it will last you almost an entire day with moderate usage. The Nubia M2 Play comes with NeoPower 2.5 technology, it ensures there is less battery consumption on your device and helps manage applications that drain it.

Camera

The USP of M2 Play is undoubtedly the camera. It sports a 13 megapixel SONY CMOS lens and Intelligent Noise Reduction + 3D Noise Reduction camera with 0.1s Hybrid Focus also ensures that your images are less blurry. The M2 Play is powered by the NeoVision 6 image engine and has an updated Clone Camera 2.0, Macro Camera 2.0 and DNG Camera 2.0. It also has a rear camera beauty mode with HDR 4.0 with anti-shaking functions. The expectations were high and the performance wasn't disappointing. At the same time, the images clicked by the phone weren't extraordinary either.

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